use strict; my @data = ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ); my %hash = ( 1=>"a", 2=>"b", 3=>"c", 4=>"d", 5=>"e" ); my @ans1; my @ans2; sub func { my ($arg) = @_; return $arg / 2; } @ans1 = map( $_ * 2 , @data ); ## exsample 1 @ans2 = map( func($_) , @data ); ## exsample 2 map( { $hash{$_}=uc($hash{$_}) } @data ); ## exsample 3 print "ex 1 : " . join(", ", @ans1) . "\n"; print "ex 2 : " . join(", ", @ans2) . "\n"; print "ex 3 : " . join(", ", values(%hash)) . "\n";